Effects of Water Impoundments on the Distribution and Activity of Elephants in the Southern (…)

ABSTRACT

Artificial water impoundments (reservoirs) in African savannahs can significantly influence the distribution and behaviour of water-dependent species, particularly elephants (Loxodonta africana). Our study investigates the impact of such water sources on the spatio-temporal distribution and activity patterns of elephants in the southern Kruger National Park, South Africa. We conducted a paired catchment camera trap study between 2023 and 2024, comparing 11 dammed and 11 undammed seasonal drainages over two seasons (wet and dry). Our aim was to evaluate how water impoundments affected elephant space use, activity levels, and their diel behaviour. Our findings reveal that water impoundments have a strong influence on elephant activity, particularly during the dry season when elephants frequently clustered around these water sources. Moreover, the interaction between season and proximity to water played a key role in shaping elephant activity patterns. Our study highlights the need to consider the ecological implications of water provisioning strategies in wildlife management. We recommend promoting landscape heterogeneity and minimising potential adverse effects on vegetation and other species.